How PPF works
The Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a long-term savings scheme backed by the Government of India. You can open an account at a post office or at most large banks, and you can hold only one account in your own name. Because the government sets the rate and guarantees the balance, PPF is one of the safest places to build a retirement or education fund.
You deposit between ₹500 and ₹1,50,000 in each financial year (April to March), in multiples of ₹50, either as a lump sum or in instalments. The interest rate is reviewed every quarter and is currently 7.1% a year. Interest is worked out each month on the lowest balance between the 5th and the last day of the month, and it is credited once a year on 31 March. That credited interest then earns interest the following year, so your money compounds yearly.
New to PPF? Our step-by-step guide on how PPF works covers who can open an account, the documents you need and how PPF compares with a bank FD.
PPF formula with a worked example
If you deposit the same amount every year before 5 April, each year works like this: closing balance = (opening balance + deposit) × (1 + rate). Over n years with a yearly deposit P and rate r, the maturity value is:
Maturity = P × [(1 + r)n − 1] ÷ r × (1 + r)
Example: ₹1,50,000 a year at 7.1%. In year 1 you deposit ₹1,50,000 and earn ₹10,650 interest, ending with ₹1,60,650. In year 2 you add another ₹1,50,000, so interest is 7.1% of ₹3,10,650, which is ₹22,056, and the year closes at ₹3,32,706. Continue this for 15 years and the account grows to ₹40,68,209. You put in ₹22,50,000, and ₹18,18,209 of the final amount (about 45%) is tax-free interest.
15 vs 16 deposits: which is right?
A PPF account matures after 15 full financial years, counted from the end of the year in which you open it. The year of opening is not counted. So if you open the account and deposit in, say, April 2026, you can keep depositing every year until the account matures on 1 April 2042. That is 16 deposits, not 15.
Most PPF calculators show 15 deposits, and that is this calculator's default (₹40.68 lakh for ₹1.5 lakh a year). Tick “Count 16 deposits” to include the deposit made in the opening year. The same plan then grows to about ₹45.18 lakh. If you open your account late in a financial year, the 15-deposit figure is closer to what you will actually get.
Extending PPF after maturity
When the account matures you can withdraw everything, or keep it running. There are two ways to keep it running:
Extend with deposits: submit the extension form at your bank or post office within one year of maturity, and keep depositing for another 5 years. You can repeat this as many times as you like. Five more years of ₹1.5 lakh deposits takes the example above to about ₹66.58 lakh.
Continue without deposits: if you do nothing, the account stays open and keeps earning interest, but you cannot start depositing again later. Even without new deposits, the ₹40.68 lakh grows to about ₹57.33 lakh after 5 more years.
Tax benefits of PPF
PPF has EEE (exempt-exempt-exempt) status. Under the old tax regime, deposits of up to ₹1.5 lakh a year can be claimed as a deduction (traditionally under Section 80C). The yearly interest is not taxed, and the maturity amount is tax-free too. The new tax regime does not give the deduction for deposits, but interest and maturity stay tax-free. That makes PPF especially useful for people in higher tax brackets, because a 7.1% tax-free return can beat a taxable fixed deposit offering a higher headline rate.
Withdrawal, loan and closure rules
Loans: from the 3rd to the 6th financial year you can borrow up to 25% of the balance at the end of the second year before you apply. The interest charged is 1 percentage point above the PPF rate if you repay within 36 months.
Partial withdrawal: from the 7th financial year you can withdraw once a year, up to 50% of the balance at the end of the 4th year before the withdrawal or of the previous year, whichever is lower. You do not repay withdrawals.
Premature closure: allowed only after 5 full financial years, and only for reasons such as a life-threatening illness in the family, higher education, or a change in residency status. Interest for the whole period is then recalculated at 1 percentage point below the rates that applied.
Tips to get the most from PPF
Deposit before 5 April. A deposit made by the 5th counts for that whole month, so depositing your full amount before 5 April earns interest for all 12 months.
If you pay monthly, pay by the 5th. A deposit made on the 6th misses that month's interest.
Never skip a year. If you do not deposit at least ₹500 in a year, the account becomes inactive, and you will need to pay a small penalty plus the missed deposits to revive it.
Open early and add a nominee. The 15-year clock starts at the end of the year you open the account, so opening sooner brings maturity forward. A nominee makes it easy for your family to claim the money.